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問題 #1

Recent research has questioned the long-standing view of pearly mussels as exclusively suspension feeders (animals that strain suspended particles from water) that subsist on phytoplankton (mostly algae). Early studies of mussel feeding were based on analyses of gut contents, a method that has three weaknesses. First, material in mucus-bound gut contents is difficult to identify and quantify. Second, material found in the gut may pass undigested out of the mussel, not contributing to its nutrition. Finally, examination of gut contents offers limited insight into the mechanisms and behaviors by which mussels acquire food. Modem studies suggest that pearly mussels feed on more than just algae and may use other means than suspension feeding. Pedal feeding (sweeping up edible material with a muscular structure called the foot) has been observed in juvenile pearly mussels.
Besides the phytoplankton pearly mussels capture from the water column, their guts also contain small animals, protozoans, and detritus (nonliving particulate organic material). Recent studies show that mussels can capture and assimilate bacteria as well, a potentially important source of food in many fresh waters.
Another potential source of food for mussels is dissolved organic matter. Early studies showing that pearly mussels could take up simple organic compounds were largely discounted because such labile (unstable) compounds are rarely abundant in nature. Nevertheless, recent work on other bivalves suggests that dissolved organic matter may be a significant source of nutrition.
Of this complex mix of materials that pearly mussels acquire, what is actually required and assimilated?
Stable-isotope analyses of mussels taken from nature and of captive-reared mussels are beginning to offer some insight into this question. Nichols and Garling showed that pearly mussels in a small river were omnivorous, subsisting mainly on particles less than 2S micrometers in diameter, including algae, detritus, and bacteria. Bacterially derived carbon was apparently the primary source of soft-tissue carbon. However, bacteria alone cannot support mussel growth, because they lack the necessary long-chain fatty acids and sterols and are deficient in some amino acids. Bacteria may supplement other food resources, provide growth factors, or be the primary food In habitats such as headwater streams, where phytoplankton is scarce. Juvenile mussels have been most successfully reared m the laboratory on diets containing algae high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, it appears that the pearly mussel diet in nature may consist of algae, bacteria, detritus, and small animals and that at least some algae and bacteria may be required as a source of essential biochemicals.
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. summarize the present state of knowledge about what pearly mussels eat
B. question whether research findings about laboratory-reared pearly mussels can be extrapolated to pearly mussels in natural habitats
C. suggest that a particular source of nutrients is more essential to pearly mussels than was previously thought
D. explain why evidence used to support a long-standing view about pearly mussels is flawed
E. contrast two mechanisms by which pearly mussels have been shown lo feed

問題 #2

A. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
B. Quantity A is greater.
C. The two quantities are equal.
D. Quantity B is greater.

問題 #3

The tick marks shown on the number line are evenly spaced. Points D and E have coordinates of respectively.
The point that has a coordinate of is

A. point A
B. point C
C. between points A and B
D. between points B and C
E. between points C and D

問題 #4

Harriet Monroe, who founded Poetry: A Magazine of Verse in 1912. argued that the more heterogeneous and sprawling the modem world became, the more poetry needed "an entrenched place, a voice of power." But this goal could only be realized if poets were valued in ways that encouraged them to participate in the world and made writing verse economically viable. Monroe argued that poets needed sites of institutional opportunity like those that had been developed for visual artists, architects, and musicians. She believed that the hand-wringing anticapitalism dominating genteel literary* culture-particularly the idea that poetry ought to be removed from "sordid" pecuniary considerations-brought no economic and only illusory aesthetic benefits, instead severing poets from meaningful participation in the modern world.
The author mentions "visual artists, nrchitecis. and musicians" primarily lo

A. note a challenge that Monroe faced when attempting to implement her ideas
B. highlight what Monroe regarded as a contrast between the economic needs of poets and those of other artists
C. acknowledge that anticapitalism had not hail undesirable consequences for all art forms
D. illustrate the point that some art forms are inherently more economically viable than others
E. explain Monroe's ideas about measures that would advance poetry

問題 #5

The_________of biographies of antebellum capitalists is particularly striking in contrast with the abundance of life stones of industrialists in later eras.

A. utility
B. triteness
C. banality
D. paucity
E. dearth
F. brevity

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